Blognya Mas Radit

Alternative history: What if Pan-Africanism succeeded? Context Pan-Africanism is an ideology which demands for all or some of the African States to unite. The pioneer was Marcus Garvey from Jamaica. In the 20th century, European powers were competing to gain their territory for colonies in Africa and divided the continent into their own colonies. At that time, the ideology of Pan-Africanism emerged, but not only that, a religious movement called Rastafarianism, which has the belief that Haile Selassie was the Messiah and Ethiopia is the promised land, is established in Jamaica. At the end of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century, many African countries gained their independence. At that time, some African leaders, such as Kwane Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Thomas Sankara and Moammar Gaddafi, advocated pan-Africanism, but they did not succeed in uniting all or some of the countries of Africa. But what if in this alternative timeline there was someone who succeeded uniting

Alternative history: What if the Ancient Egyptians became a superpower? Context The Ancient Egyptians were the first ancient civilisations to emerge on this planet. Throughout history, they have been attacked by other nations. They have opened trade routes, but they only opened these routes throughout Egypt and did not go elsewhere. Because they were too weak, the story of the presence of the Ancient Egyptians had ended due to the Persian conquest of Egypt, then the Roman conquest. The Berbers are the indigenous people of North Africa. Throughout history, they never had their own civilisation. They had been ruled by foreigners, from the Ancient Egyptians, Carthaginians, Ancient Romans, Arabs to the modern French and Spanish nations. Although there was a trade route across North Africa, they never had their own civilisation because they were consistently living in a nomadic way in the desert. Although they never had their own civilisation, but they had a good leader, Shoshenq I, who rul

Alternative history: What if the Carthaginians conquered Rome?  Context The Romans defined the borders of the European continent. The Roman rule had brought in civilisation, government system and structure to countries which one day would have their own empires. Before the Romans ruled the coastal areas of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, they had a strong rival, who were the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians ruled territories across the sea making fortunes by sea trade. Because there were the Romans in Southern Europe, there were tensions between the Romans and the Carthaginians. Even a war between the Romans and the Carthaginians happened three times, the first time was in 264 - 241 BC, the second time was 218 - 201 BC, whereas the third time was 149 - 146 BC. The Romans won these wars. But what if the Carthaginians won these wars instead? Scenario The Carthaginians were a nation which hailed from Phoenicia, which is present-day Lebanon. The city of Carthage was established in Nor

Present-day Morocco has been inhabited by human beings since the Paleolithic era. In 1971, fossils were found, and these fossils were bones of an early human species which were presumably 400,000 years old, then after another investigation in 2017, scientists had found out that they were 300,000 years old. During the Upper Paleolithic era (50,000 - 10,000 years ago), North Africa, including present-day Morocco, was more fertile than North Africa today, because it was a grassland full of shrubs at that time. In 4200 BC, North Africa, including present-day Morocco, which used to be a grassland full of shrubs had transformed into a desert which is called the Sahara nowadays, along with the end of the Ice Age. Around 800 BC, the Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon, began to colonise present-day Morocco. During the Phoenician rule of present-day Morocco, they established cities such as Chellah, Lixus and Mogador. In the 5th century BC, the hegemony of Carthage, a state ruled by t

Alternative history: What if the Arab states were united? Context Before World War I, the United Kingdom had established protectorates in the Middle East, then after the Ottoman Empire got weaker, the United Kingdom finally established a protectorate in Qatar. In 1918, Germany lost World War I, and the loss of Germany had made the British and the French to seek for new colonies, and they had chosen the Middle East as their base to establish protectorates. In the 1920s, the British and the French carved up the Middle East to establish their own colonies and the borders that are established are artificial. In 1926, the kingdom of Hijaz was defeated by the Saudi kingdom ruled by the House of Saud. After 20 years, independence movements emerged everywhere, thus countries such as Jordan, Syria, Iraq were created with artificial borders. After that, an Arab nationalist ideology called Ba'athism emerged, which give birth to authoritarian rulers such as Saddam Hussein. Due to the ousting o

Alternative history: What if the Spanish never colonised the Philippines?  Context During the 16th century, the Spanish and the Portuguese were competing to seek for colonies in the 'New World's, as part of their mission of Gold, Gospel and Glory. At that time, the Spanish and the Portuguese signed a treaty that Spain would have their colonies to the west and Portugal to the East. In 1521, Magellan arrived on the island of Limasawa in the Philippines and he began to spread Christianity in the Philippines, then he continued his voyage to Cebu until his death during the Battle of Mactan. But what if in this alternative timeline the Spanish failed to colonise the Philippines?  Scenario In the real timeline, the Spanish and the Portuguese are competing each other to look for colonies in the 'New World's, as part of their mission to seek for natural resources, spread Christianity and achieve victory (gold, gospel, glory). The same thing would also happen in this alternative

What is digital democracy? Digital democracy or also known as e-democracy is a process of democracy which involves information, telecommunication and technology. This type of democracy had just developed during the 21st century. In the process of digital democracy, all adult citizens are expected to participate in planning, developing and making laws. This type of democracy covers the social, cultural and economic conditions which makes political freedom possible. The goal of this digital democracy is to improve human rights and democracy and to expand democracy. Nowadays, information is freely available on the Internet, thus freedom and human development increases. The internet is also used to promote democracy and human rights. In the process of digital democracy, all processes of democracy are done using technology. One day, if the whole world were to implement digital democracy on the national scale, all processes of democracy, be it the election of the head of state, head of gover

Alternative history: What if Japan never attacked Pearl Harbour? Context World War II is one of the biggest wars during that happened throughout history which happened between 1939 and 1945. During the Second World War, there were two belligerents, which are the Allies (UK-USA-USSR-France) and the Axis (Germany-Italy-Japan). On the 9th of December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbour. But what if Japan never attacked Pearl Harbour? Scenario In the real timeline, Japan attacked Pearl Harbour because they wanted to reach their ambitions to expand their territory and be a superpower in Asia. Whereas in this alternate timeline, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour would have been resisted by the USSR because the Soviets wanted to expand to an area where there is no icy water as part of their warm water policy to spread their ideology throughout the world, whereas the USA had not get involved because Pearl Harbour had not been attacked. Not only Japan, Korea and China would also have been inv

Alternative history: What if Fidel Castro never came to power?  Context Cuba is a small island in the Caribbean which was a Spanish colony since the 16th century. In 1898, a war between Spain and the USA happened, then the USA annexed some Spanish colonies. In 1902, Cuba gained its independence. In 1952, there was a coup d'etat led by Fulgencio Batista, who had been president in the 1940s, against the democratically elected government in Cuba, then a year later, the people of Cuba had been angry due to corruption by the Batista regime, then many turned to communism, even a communist rebel group called the M-26-7 (26th of July movement) emerged. In 1959, the Cuban revolution happened, then Fidel Castro became the prime minister and Cuba was officially declared as a communist state. Before 1959, the USA was very powerful in Cuba. After the revolution, the USA invaded Cuba and embargoed the Cuban economy for years which had caused a missile crisis. But what if in this alternative time

What if Nazi Germany invaded Britain? Context During World War II, Nazi Germany expanded its territory to reach the goal of Lebensraum (Aryan homeland). They invaded most of Europe, especially Eastern Europe, because there are many of the people groups whom the Nazis consider as enemies who live there, namely the Jews. They also invaded westwards to the Netherlands, Belgium and the northern part of France, even they have attempted to invade Britain, but it failed due to resistance from the RAF. But what if Nazi Germany successfully invaded Britain?  Alternative scenario In the real timeline, Nazi Germany failed in there attempt to invade Great Britain due to resistance from the RAF and geographical factors (as Great Britain was an island separated from mainland Europe). In this alternative timeline, Nazi Germany tried their best to invade Britain to reach their Lebensraum goal, but there were no resistance from the RAF and the Nazis did not care about the geographic location of Britai

What if the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade never happened?  Context The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was an event which changed the demographics of the American continent. As a result, the American continent is dominated by white people and black people. This process was part of the Columbian Exchange, which was the exchange of goods between the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia) and the New World (America). This process had caused West Africa (especially the coastal areas) to lose a large proportion of its population. The black people had replaced the Native Americans who died away due to the smallpox epidemic. But what if the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade never happened: Alternative scenario In the real timeline, there was an exchange of goods between the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia) and the New World (America), and that also happens in this imaginary alternative timeline. European colonisation of the American continent would still happen in this alternative timeline because the Europ

What is the European Union? The European Union is a political and economic union which has 27 (twenty seven) member states today. The European Union had developed a single market, by a standard judicial system that apply in all of its member states. In the European Union, there are policies that allow people and goods to travel within its member states, services and capital to operate within its member states and there are also legislations on human rights and interior affairs. Not only that, these policies are made unanimously by the governments of its member states in terms of trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. Within the European Union, there is a policy called the Schengen Zone, where one who travels within countries which have signed the Schengen Agreement does not have to go through passport control. In 1999, a monetary union is established, and it has been applied since 2002. Today, the monetary union within the European Union consists of 19 (nineteen) membe

LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) rights in Europe varies from state to state. As of 2015, twelve countries recognised same-sex marriage, thirteen others only recognise same-sex civil unions (same-sex cohabitation) while not recognising same sex marriages, and twelve other countries have articles in their constitution which ban same sex marriage. As of 2020, more countries have recognised same-sex marriage and same-sex civil unions. History The first country to legalise homosexual activity was France, in 1791, because the national assembly (assemblée nationale) changed the criminal law. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), homosexual activities began to be legalised in territories which were under French control at that time, such as the Netherlands. In Turkey, homosexual activity was legalised in 1858, under sultan Abdulmecid I, although sharia (Islamic law), which condemns homosexuality, was the main source of law at that time in Turkey. During the 20th century many co

Before the end of the Ice Age, Scotland was all covered in ice. Around 11000 BC, hunter gatherers arrived in what is today known as Scotland. The first permanent settlement in present-day Scotland was built in 7500 BC. Then, in 4000 BC, neolithic agriculture emerged. At an archaeological site called Skara Brae, in the Orkney Islands, one can see that there is proof that neolithic agriculture has emerged. There is also another well-known archaeological sight that could give us an insight on prehistoric Scotland, which is called the Callanish Standing Stones, in the Western Isles. During the 2nd century, which was during the Roman era, a great wall called the Hadrian's Wall, which was the northern border of the Roman Empire, was built. During the 4th century, the Picts established a kingdom in present-day Scotland, then Christianisation began in the 6th century, when Saint Columba, a missionary from Ireland, built a church on a small island called Iona. During the 8th century, the Vi

The culture which emerged in the Indonesian archipelago was a result of acculturation of local and foreign cultures, which is visible from many aspects, such as traditional cuisine, folk music and traditional dress. It can not be doubted that foreign culture would enrich our culture, although in reality this is not always the case. Sometimes the acceptance of foreign culture would cause deculturation, which already happened in the Indonesian archipelago. The culture of the Indonesian archipelago has been influenced by Indian, Chinese, Arab, Persian, Portuguese and Dutch cultures. Throughout history, our ancestors have accepted the positive influences of foreign cultures. If we are aware of the culture which had emerged in the Indonesian archipelago, we would know that the foreign influence in our culture exists in every province of Indonesia. The cuisine reflects this, and it is proven that the traditional cuisine of the Indonesian archipelago has been influenced by Indian and Chinese