Sejarah Maroko (bahasa Inggris)

Present-day Morocco has been inhabited by human beings since the Paleolithic era. In 1971, fossils were found, and these fossils were bones of an early human species which were presumably 400,000 years old, then after another investigation in 2017, scientists had found out that they were 300,000 years old. During the Upper Paleolithic era (50,000 - 10,000 years ago), North Africa, including present-day Morocco, was more fertile than North Africa today, because it was a grassland full of shrubs at that time.

In 4200 BC, North Africa, including present-day Morocco, which used to be a grassland full of shrubs had transformed into a desert which is called the Sahara nowadays, along with the end of the Ice Age.

Around 800 BC, the Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon, began to colonise present-day Morocco. During the Phoenician rule of present-day Morocco, they established cities such as Chellah, Lixus and Mogador. In the 5th century BC, the hegemony of Carthage, a state ruled by the Phoenicians, began, and Carthage developed trade relations with the indigenous North Africans in the interior (the Berbers). 

In the 3rd century BC, a group of Berbers established a kingdom called Mauretania. Then, in 33 BC, Mauretania became a vassal state of the Roman Empire. During the rule of Emperor Caligula, in 40 AD, Ptolemy, who was the last king of Mauretania, was executed, then Mauretania was officially annexed as a province of the Roman Empire. 

During the 2nd century AD, Christianisation began in Mauretania. At that time, many city-dwellers, slaves and peasants in Mauretania converted to Christianity. During the Third Century Crisis (235 - 284 AD), some parts of Mauretania was ruled by Berbers again. Parts of Mauretania which were under Roman rule were only certain coastal cities. In 429 AD, the Roman Empire lost Mauretania after the Vandals destroyed the Romans. During the 6th century, the Eastern Roman Empire took control of Septum (present-day Ceuta, which is now part of Spain) and Things (present-day Tangier, which is now part of Morocco). During the 7th century, Islamisation of North Africa (including present-day Morocco) began, which began with the conquest of the Maghreb (North Africa). Then in 709 AD, the whole region of Maghreb was under the rule of the Ummayad kingdom, which was an Arab Islamic kingdom.

At the time, the Berbers were influenced by Islam, although they still retain their customary laws. In 710 AD, the kingdom of Nekor was established by Salih ibn Mansur Al-Awwal, as  a vassal state of the Ummayad kingdom. The kingdom was played a very important role in converting the Berbers to Islam. In 739 AD, a group of Berbers rebelled against the Ummayad and formed independent states. In 788 AD, Idris ibn Abdillah, one of the 5th generation desecendants of Prophet Muhammad, established an independent state called the Idrisid state (Dawlah Idrisiyyah) in present-day Morocco. The Idrisids had made Fes the capital and a centre for Islamic studies. In 927 AD, a Shi'ite kingdom called the Fatimids toppled off the Idrisids. 

Since the 11th century, indigenous Berber kingdoms began to emerge. During its rule, the Almoravids and Almohads, which were indigenous Berber kingdoms, dominated the western part of North Africa and parts of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Since the 13th century, an Arab tribe called the Bani Hilal, hailing from Hijaz (the west coast of the Arabian peninsula) migrated to Morocco. During the 13th and the 14th century, the Marinids ruled Morocco. During the 15th century, the Reconquista, which is the conquest of Spain by the Spanish Christian kingdom, happened. After the Reconquista succeeded in 1492, the Jews were expelled from Spain and many of them fled to Morocco. 

The ambitions of the Portuguese to control sea trade via the Atlantic Ocean during the 15th and 16th centuries did not affect the interior of Morocco, although the Portuguese succeeded in gaining power to establish colonies on the Moroccan coast.

In 1549, Morocco fell to the hands of the Saadian dynasty, an Arab royal family claiming to be a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. The Saadians ruled Morocco from 1549 until 1659. Then, the Alaouite dynasty began to rule Morocco, even now they are still ruling.

In 1672, Ismail ibn Sharif rulde Morocco. During his rule, he reclaimed Tangier back from the British in 1684 and expelled the Spanish from Karachi in 1689. In 1769, the Portuguese left Mazagão (present day El Jadida) 

In 1777, Morocco became the first country to recognise the United States of America as an independent state. Along with the industrialisation of Europe, the Europeans became more interested in colonising the western part of North Africa. In 1830, the French were interested in colonising Morocco to protect its border with Algeria due to its strategic location, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1884, the Spanish established a protectorate in the coastal areas of Morocco. 

In 1912, the Treaty of Fez was ratified and Morocco was officially declared as a French protectorate. According to the Treaty of Fez, the Spanish could still have their colony on the coast of Morocco.

Between 1921 and 1926, a rebellion by the Berbers led to the establishment of the Rif Republic. Then, the rebellion was suppressed by the French and the Spanish. In 1953, King Mohammed V was exiled to Madagascar and the King of Morocco was replaced by Mohammed Ben Aarafa. Then, in 1955, King Mohammed V was entitled to return to Morocco and discussions the independence of Morocco began in 1956, then Morocco was officially declared as a fully independent state from the French protectorate. 

After the death of King Mohammed V, Hasan II became the king since 1961. The first elections in Morocco was held in 1963, then in 1965, the parliament was dissolved. In 1969, Spain gave back Sidi Ifni to Morocco. In 1971, there was a coup d'etat attempt to topple of the monarchy and establish a republic, but it failed. The Polisario was established in 1973 to demand for the independence of Western Sahara. In 1975, the Spanish Sahara was annexed by Morocco, then a war between the Polisario and the Moroccans happened, which made many people from Western Sahara flee to other countries, especially Algeria. In 1999, Hasan II died and his son, Mohammed VI, became king. During the rule of Mohammed VI, social and economic liberalisation became the policy, then a constitutional reform happened in 2011.