Hak LGBT di Eropa (bahasa Inggris + update)
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) rights in Europe varies from state to state. As of 2015, twelve countries recognised same-sex marriage, thirteen others only recognise same-sex civil unions (same-sex cohabitation) while not recognising same sex marriages, and twelve other countries have articles in their constitution which ban same sex marriage. As of 2020, more countries have recognised same-sex marriage and same-sex civil unions.
History
The first country to legalise homosexual activity was France, in 1791, because the national assembly (assemblée nationale) changed the criminal law. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), homosexual activities began to be legalised in territories which were under French control at that time, such as the Netherlands.
In Turkey, homosexual activity was legalised in 1858, under sultan Abdulmecid I, although sharia (Islamic law), which condemns homosexuality, was the main source of law at that time in Turkey.
During the 20th century many countries which were under repressive regimes banned homosexual activity, such as the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Francoist Spain. The reason why the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany banned homosexual activity is because they needed many people to serve in the army, thus children are needed. For that reason, they banned it because homosexuals could not have children. Whereas the government of Francoist Spain banned it because of strong influence from the Roman Catholic Church, which prohibits homosexuality.
During the 20th century, the first country which legalised homosexual activity was Poland, in 1932. Followed by Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland and Sweden.
In 1962, the government of Czechoslovakia under Prime Minister Viliam Siroky legalised homosexual activity.
In 1989, the government of Denmark under Prime Minister Poul Schluter legalised same-sex civil partnership (cohabitation) and Denmark became the first country to do so.
In 1991, Bulgaria became the first country which banned same-sex marriage explicitly, then eleven other countries followed suit, Lithuania did so in 1992, then Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013, Slovakia in 2014, Armenia in 2015 and most recently Georgia in 2018.
During the 21st century, many countries began to legalise same sex marriage, such as the Netherlands, which did so in 2001, then Belgium followed suit in 2003, then Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom (except for Northern Ireland) in 2014, the Republic of Ireland in 2015, Finland, Malta and Germany in 2017, Austria in 2019 and most recently Northern Ireland in 2020.
In 2011, the government of Hungary under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán made a new constitution. In that constitution, it is stated that the state of Hungary shall protect the institution of marriage as the union of a man and a woman established by voluntary decision, and the family as the basis of the nation's survival. In May 2013, the president of France, Francois Hollande, ratified a law which legalised same-sex marriage.
On Sunday, 1 December 2013, the government of Croatian decided to hold a referendum to amend its constitution to add an article which bans same-sex marriage, which has been agreed by 66.28% of voters.
On Wednesday, 4 June 2014, the parliament of Slovakia ratified an amandment of its constitution to ban same-sex marriage.
On Friday, 22 May 2015, the people of the Republic of Ireland voted during a referendum on the 36th constitutional amandment, with 62.07% of votes on agreeing that the government of the Republic of Ireland recognises same-sex marriage.
Years later, some countries in Western Europe had followed the footsteps of other countries on legalising same-sex marriage, whereas Armenia and Georgia followed the footsteps of other Eastern European countries on amending the constitution to ban same-sex marriage.
Societal reaction
In general, many people (over 50% according to data published in 2015) do support the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Western European countries, including in countries which were known to be religiously conservative, such as Spain, Portugal and the Republic of Ireland. However, according to data published in 2015, only 46% of people in Malta agreed on the legalisation of same-sex marriage. Whereas in Eastern European countries, most people (over 50% according to data published in 2015) supported the ban on same-sex marriage by the government, including in countries which were known as not deeply religious, such as Estonia and Latvia. However, according to data published in 2015, less than 50% of people in the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Greece agreed that the government should ban same-sex marriage
According to the same data published in 2015, the highest percentage of people who agree with the legalisation of same-sex marriage is in the Netherlands (85%) whereas the lowest percentage is in Russia (11%).
According to the same data again published in 2015, in some European countries, such as Ukraine, Croatia and Bulgaria, some people think that same-sex marriage is wrong, but the government does not need to ban it.
In Europe, as of 2020, there has been a referendum twice on LGBT rights. In 2013, there has been a referendum on the ban on same-sex marriage in Croatia, where most people voted to agree with the government's decision, then in 2015, there has been a referendum on the legalisation on same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland, where most people also voted to agree with the government's decision.
Source and reference
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