Sejarah Skotlandia (bahasa Inggris)

Before the end of the Ice Age, Scotland was all covered in ice. Around 11000 BC, hunter gatherers arrived in what is today known as Scotland. The first permanent settlement in present-day Scotland was built in 7500 BC. Then, in 4000 BC, neolithic agriculture emerged. At an archaeological site called Skara Brae, in the Orkney Islands, one can see that there is proof that neolithic agriculture has emerged. There is also another well-known archaeological sight that could give us an insight on prehistoric Scotland, which is called the Callanish Standing Stones, in the Western Isles.

During the 2nd century, which was during the Roman era, a great wall called the Hadrian's Wall, which was the northern border of the Roman Empire, was built.

During the 4th century, the Picts established a kingdom in present-day Scotland, then Christianisation began in the 6th century, when Saint Columba, a missionary from Ireland, built a church on a small island called Iona. During the 8th century, the Vikings came to the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands and the Western Isles, then in the 9th century, the Pictish kingdom became the Kingdom of Alba.

During the 12th century, Caithness, which was formerly Viking territory, was annexed by the ancient Scottish kingdom of Alba. Then England attempted to colonise Scotland during the 13th century, which led to a war between England and Scotland. In 1314, Scotland was declared de facto independent, then in 1328, the war resulted in Scottish victory. Not long after that, another war between England and Scotland broke out again. In the 16th century, John Knox, a Scottish theologian, returned from exile in Geneva. After John Knox returned, he reformed the Scottish society and the church, and eventually established the Church of Scotland. Then, in 1560, the Scottish parliament decided that Protestant Christianity would become the official religion in Scotland

In 1603, Scotland became a protectorate of England under King James. Not long after that, many Scots migrated to Northern Ireland, which was a new 'colony' of England, On the 22th of July 1706, the Scottish parliament was dissolved, then on the 1st of May 1707, Scotland was officially declared part of the United Kingdom.

During the 18th century, the Jacobites, who were loyal to the House of Stuart instead of the current government of the United Kingdom at that time (House of Hanover), waged rebellion against the United Kingdom. Not long after that, the first phase of the Highland Clearances began, because the government of United Kingdom wanted to use lands which belong to the Scottish people for dairy and sheep farming, but it was a policy of which forcibly assimilated the Highlander Scots to become Englishmen, that is why many Scots migrated to England and Wales, but only a few of them migrated to North America during the first phase of the Highland Clearances. On the 1st of August 1746, the government of the United Kingdom ratified a law which banned the Scots from wearing the tartan and/or kilt, then that law was abolished on the 1st of July 1782. In 1786, David Dale established a cotton factory in Lanark, which was the forerunner of industry in Scotland.

During the 19th century, the second phase of the Highland Clearances happened, for the same reason as the first phase. At that time, many Highlander Scots migrated to Canada, the USA, Australia or New Zealand, but fewer of them decided to migrate to England, Wales or Ireland. During World War I, 500,000 Scots were sent to war, where 150,000 among them perished and 150,000 others were injured. In 1989, the Poll Tax began to be applied in Scotland, then in 1990, it began to be applied in England and Wales. In 1997, there was a referendum on an autonomous parliament, then a year later, a law on Scottish autonomy was ratified, then the Scottish parliament was restored on the 12th of May 1999. On the 18th of September 2014, there was a referendum on Scottish independence, however 55% of the voters voted no.

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