Serangan bunuh diri dalam perspektif teori Durkheim (dalam bahasa Inggris)

If the phenomenon of suicide bombing is analysed using Emile Durkheim's theory about suicide, terrorist attacks which involve suicide bombings fall into the category of altruistic suicide (suicide done to defend his congregation/community). If we use the case of the attacks which happened in Surabaya, the suicide bombers are performing their action because they think that whoever dies in declaring war against the infidels, onw would die as a martyr and go to jannah (paradise). Not only that, they believe that their action is jihad fisabilillah (struggle on God's path). It is clear that the action that they perform is an act of altruistic suicide, because they are defending their doctrine of jihad that they believe in.

The same thing applies to ISIS, the suicide bombers who are affiliated to ISIS are also performing an act of altruistic suicide. Because of the involvement of ISIS in the Iraqi and Syrian conflict and the 'expansion' of ISIS elsewhere, they can all fall into the category of performing altruistic suicide, even they are defending their doctrine of jihad that they believe in, they believe that whoever attacks a non-Muslim country or kills an infidel, one would be doing jihad and whoever dies in doing jihad, one will die as a martyr and go to jannah (paradise) immediately. The same thing applies to Al-Qaeda, they are performing their action (suicide bombing) with the same reason that ISIS is doing so.
A different case applies for the Tamil Tigers, which is an ethnic Tamil separatist group which demands for separation from Sri Lanka, they are performing their action of suicide bombing merely to defend their community, not to defend their doctrine. The members of the Tamil Tigers perform their action of suicide bombing because they want total freedom from Sinhalese colonisation. They are doing so to demand and fight for the independence of their homeland which they call 'Tamil Eelam'.
In reality, not only ISIS and Al-Qaeda are performing suicide attacks on the name of jihad. Many communities before had done that, such as the Bangsamoro (indigenous ethnicities in Mindanao who are predominantly Muslim), who were also performing terror attacks by committing suicide (although it is not done with bombs like nowadays) by throwing sharp weapons to the occupiers (be it the Spanish, American, Filipino or Japanese army) before they unintentionally stab themselves. They are also performing their actions as a form of uprising against colonisation, so their actions fall into the category of altruistic suicide, just like the actions done by ISIS and Al-Qaeda, because they are defending their community, although they are doing it in a different way.
In reality, not only the groups who are 'struggling' on the name of Islam are performing suicide attacks. Groups who are 'struggling' on the name of other religions are also doing so, such as the nationalists who are 'struggling' on the name of Sikhism (a minor religion in Punjab) who assassinated Indira Gandhi (the 3rd Prime Minister of India), because they are defending their doctrine of Khalistan (Sikh theocratic state) that they believe.
In reality, any community/group who are performing acts of suicide attacks (be it by bombing or other methods), whether they perform their actions in the name of religion or not, are doing so because they expect that their demands would be achieved. So, we can conclude that the communities who perform suicide attacks are doing an act of altruistic suicide.

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